Copyright, The New York Times Company
Means-tested government benefits, and the “resentment zone” that goes with them, are more prevalent than ever, thanks to the housing crash. Programs like these delay the housing market’s recovery.
Home buyers take usually out mortgages that cover only part of the value of the houses they are buying. In other words, the house is worth more than the mortgage owed. This means that in the event a borrower defaults, the lender can, in most cases, be repaid in full by foreclosing on the house and selling it to someone else.
However, housing prices have fallen dramatically since 2006. By 2009, about one in four home mortgages was “underwater” — meaning that the market value of the house had fallen below the amount owed on the mortgage (a.k.a., home equity is negative). Because of the low resale values, foreclosing on any of the homes will not yield lenders their entire principal; lenders in those cases must rely on the good behavior of the borrowers.
Meanwhile, homeowners are considering whether it is worth moving, and a reduced credit rating, in order to erase their negative home equity by walking away from their home and its mortgage.
As it has with health care, student loans, nutrition and other areas, the federal government has responded to the mortgage crisis with another layer of means-tested benefits. And these may be the largest means tests yet.
The government’s idea was to “modify” underwater mortgages in order to give homeowners an additional incentive to stay in their house. But the government will not sponsor such modifications for people with negative home equity who also earn “enough” to make their mortgage payments.
The government programs aim to modify the mortgage so that the modified mortgage payments, together with taxes and insurance, are 31 percent of the borrower’s income. Those reduced payments remain in place for five years, if not longer.
Thus, a homeowner earning $60,000 per year would have his annual housing expenses reduced to $18,600 (31 percent of his income), whereas one earning $70,000 would have expenses of $21,700. In other words, the fact that one person earns an additional $10,000 for the year obligates him to $15,500 additional housing expenses (an additional $3,100 per year for five years).
For this reason, mortgage modification has dramatically larger penalties for earning than other means-tested government programs. This not only adds to an already large pool of resentment, but is also partly responsible for the slow pace of modification by mortgage lenders and servicers, and for the dearth of income tax revenues collected by state and federal treasuries.
Means-tested government benefits, and the “resentment zone” that goes with them, are more prevalent than ever, thanks to the housing crash. Programs like these delay the housing market’s recovery.
Home buyers take usually out mortgages that cover only part of the value of the houses they are buying. In other words, the house is worth more than the mortgage owed. This means that in the event a borrower defaults, the lender can, in most cases, be repaid in full by foreclosing on the house and selling it to someone else.
However, housing prices have fallen dramatically since 2006. By 2009, about one in four home mortgages was “underwater” — meaning that the market value of the house had fallen below the amount owed on the mortgage (a.k.a., home equity is negative). Because of the low resale values, foreclosing on any of the homes will not yield lenders their entire principal; lenders in those cases must rely on the good behavior of the borrowers.
Meanwhile, homeowners are considering whether it is worth moving, and a reduced credit rating, in order to erase their negative home equity by walking away from their home and its mortgage.
As it has with health care, student loans, nutrition and other areas, the federal government has responded to the mortgage crisis with another layer of means-tested benefits. And these may be the largest means tests yet.
The government’s idea was to “modify” underwater mortgages in order to give homeowners an additional incentive to stay in their house. But the government will not sponsor such modifications for people with negative home equity who also earn “enough” to make their mortgage payments.
The government programs aim to modify the mortgage so that the modified mortgage payments, together with taxes and insurance, are 31 percent of the borrower’s income. Those reduced payments remain in place for five years, if not longer.
Thus, a homeowner earning $60,000 per year would have his annual housing expenses reduced to $18,600 (31 percent of his income), whereas one earning $70,000 would have expenses of $21,700. In other words, the fact that one person earns an additional $10,000 for the year obligates him to $15,500 additional housing expenses (an additional $3,100 per year for five years).
For this reason, mortgage modification has dramatically larger penalties for earning than other means-tested government programs. This not only adds to an already large pool of resentment, but is also partly responsible for the slow pace of modification by mortgage lenders and servicers, and for the dearth of income tax revenues collected by state and federal treasuries.
It seems that the borrower can be current, late, in default, in bankruptcy, or in foreclosure at the time the application for modification is made. The programs available will vary accordingly.
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